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6. Did you know that the statistical probabilities of mutation/natural selection being the mechanism for the creation of all living organisms on this earth is far beyond what statisticians consider impossible?
Designer Genes (excerpts)
by Robert Mondore and Patricia A. Mondore, M.A.
(http://www.origins.org/articles/mondore_designergenes.html#text10)
Sir Fred Hoyle is one of the world's leading astronomers and mathematicians….Hoyle considers himself both an evolutionist and an agnostic. Hence, he did not arrive at his conclusions because of any religious bias but strictly through his own mathematical calculations. We now know that even the simplest living creature is extremely complex. Hoyle attempted to calculate the probability of one of the simplest of these complex beings coming into existence by chance. Assuming the first living thing would have been smaller and simpler than any present day creatures, he still calculated a 1 in 1020 (that is, a 1 with 20 zeros behind it) probability of occurring by chance. That is the probability for just one simple enzyme. However, even the simplest life form requires literally thousands of different enzymes with each one tailor-made to perform a specific function. That ups the probability to 1 in 1040,000 (or 1 followed by 40,000 zeros). Mathematicians generally agree anything with a probability of less than 1 in 1050 is equivalent to total impossibility. That these complex substances exist despite the fact that it is impossible for them to have formed by chance, Hoyle concludes, "A commonsense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature." (1) Hoyle is not alone in this conclusion. He wrote, "Quite a number of my astronomical friends are considerable mathematicians, and once they become interested enough to calculate for themselves, instead of relying upon hearsay argument, they can quickly see the point”. One of Hoyle's associates, Chandra Wickramasinghe stated, "The chances that life just occurred on earth are about as unlikely as a typhoon blowing through a junkyard and constructing a Boeing 747." Hoyle and Wickramasinghe worked together to mathematically calculate probabilities on development of even the smallest chemicals needed for life. Dealing first with hemoglobin they concluded that, even believing the earth was billions of years old, "there simply has not been nearly enough time for this process to have evolved."
(1) Hoyle, Fred, "The Universe: Past and Present Reflections," in Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 20. (1982), p.16.
Astronomical Evidences for the God of the Bible (excerpts)
By Dr. Hugh Ross, Ph.D.
(http://www.origins.org/articles/ross_astroevidgodbible.html)
“Astronomers have discovered that the characteristics and parameters of the universe and our solar system are so finely tuned to support life that nothing less than a personal, intelligent Creator can explain the degree of fine-tunedness. It requires power and purpose.
Approximately two dozen parameters of the universe have been identified that must be carefully fixed in order for any kind of conceivable life (not just life as we know it) to exist at any time in the history of the universe. Some examples of these are given in Table 5.
Table 5: Evidence for design in the universe
1. gravitational coupling constant
if larger: no stars less than 1.4 solar masses, hence short stellar lifespans
if smaller: no stars more than 0.8 solar masses, hence no heavy element production
2. strong nuclear force coupling constant
if larger: no hydrogen; nuclei essential for life are unstable
if smaller: no elements other than hydrogen
(3-19 are detailed in the article)
The degree of fine-tunedness for many of these parameters is utterly amazing. For example, if the strong nuclear force were even two percent stronger or two percent weaker, the universe would never be able to support life. More astounding yet, the ground state energies for 4He, 8Be, 12C, and 16O cannot be higher or lower with respect to each other by more than four percent without yielding a universe with insufficient oxygen and/or carbon for any kind of life. The expansion rate of the universe is even more sensitive. It must be fine-tuned to an accuracy of one part in 1055! Clearly some ingenious Designer must be involved in the physics of the universe.
Design Evidences in the Cosmos
By Dr. Hugh Ross, Ph.D.
For an extensive list of fine-tuned characteristics and parameters for human life to exist
(http://www.origins.org/articles/ross_evidencescosmos.html)